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Part Four: Latest fighting
Minutes policies against the Young Turks
The Allied occupation of Anatolia and began in Istanbul November 1918. The government Mehmet VI was under the thumb of the Allies.
Courts in Istanbul, convened by the English, condemned in absentia Enver, Talat and Cemal and sentenced to death in July 1919 (which is reminiscent of humiliating setbacks Baathist leaders in occupied Iraq by the Anglo-Americans). Other convictions Young Turk leaders were held in 1919-1920 . Parenthetically, the Allies also intended to try German leaders: they have vainly tried to drag a court Wilhelm II refugee in Holland, and organized a trial of "war criminals" in Leipzig. It is unclear whether it should laugh or cry, as their late ally Tsarist Russia was the primary responsibility for the conflagration of 1914 (unconditional support for the nationalist Serbian hysterical against Austria-Hungary ) and had ruthlessly massacred Muslims in the Caucasus and Anatolia . Even if she really wanted to UPC for the disastrous outcome of the war, public opinion rejected as biased this "justice". The accusations proved such a farce that English themselves as British high commissioner SAG Calthorpe , eventually discredit the courts: as if the slave was going far too crass to please the master. The English did not use, by distrust, questionable documents collected during these trials to judge the Young Turks (Including Gökalp ) held in Malta .
Talat (killed by the Armenian terrorism to Berlin in March 1921 ) and Cemal (killed in the same way in Tiflis July 1922) vigorously defended themselves in their posthumous memoirs , pointing the finger, rightly, the vain hypocrisy of Western propaganda that has found nothing wrong with the fate of the Muslims Balkans and Caucasus (for a century), and that of the Turks and Kurdish Anatolia fallen into the hands of Armenian terrorist gangs and mercenaries (often also Armenians) from the Russian army .
tactical alliance with the Bolsheviks
Let us Enver Pasha on . The photographs show a man with hard eyes, but calm, unruffled face pale, the groomed mustache, always elegant. This "great man", this "charming boy" (27 years at pronunciamento of 1908, 32 years old when the coup of 1913) as not hesitate to call Jean-Paul Roux , was a leader extraordinary, with the imposing and impressive personality. Admirer of Napoleon , he had a strong desire to change things, to precipitate the course of history, convinced he had a destiny. Heroes of the Revolution of 1908 " Champion of Freedom" won the battle Edirne (1913), it was shows an undeniable courage, bordering on up- extremism, as Kemal, but he was less measured in its decisions. Hyperactive, he seemed always in motion, fighting, always fighting. Devout Muslim, he prohibited officers to attend the cabarets, they recommended to follow up with religious requirements of Muslim soldiers and non-Muslims, he burst into tears during a pilgrimage to Medina alongside Cemal (also within the scope a strong emotion).
In exile (in Germany at Moscow), Enver sought logistical support from the Bolsheviks. The revolutionary Lenin had tried at first to coax the Muslims: it has been thought in part to their speeches, or at least see them as less worse than the czarist. In his correspondence, Enver evoked a sort of "Islamic socialism" and the action of a network of pan-Islamist revolutionary societies, envisioned the organization of battalions manned by Muslims the Red Army to liberate the Anatolia and eventually reconstitute the Ottoman Empire confederal form. He attended the Baku Congress (September 1920), where he met Galiev Sultan, a Communist who wish to marry Tatar Bolshevism and Pan-Islamism (he was later a victim of Stalinism). In his statement read Congress, spoke to Enver Development Progressive (including education), revolt of the oppressed people. In
February 1921, he sent his uncle Halil Paşa to Trabzon to the agitprop, not without success, until the response of the Kemalist who put him outside. A summer the same year, Enver performed the reverse of the Kemalist resistance against the Greek army as an opportunity to return in triumph in Anatolia (assuming also taken very seriously by the Agreement ): he watched from the timing Batumi , along with other exiles Unionists (including Dr. Nazım ), then abandoned the project upon learning that the Kemalist finally fell head. Compared to his old rival Kemal Enver was now little weight with Moscow .
At the same time, Cemal worked to modernize the Afghan army in the emirate of Amanullah Khan .
Enver Central Asia
There was a Muslim reformist movement ( djadidism ) active in the Russian imperial ( Congress Muslim 1906), especially among the Kazan Tatars . A movement of Muslim guerrillas had appeared in 1916 to Turkestan: the basmaci . Since the fall of 1921 , Enver, insightful, was now convinced that Bolshevism was a continuation of Russian imperialism enslaving Muslims. A Bukhara in October 1921 he found Zeki Togan Velidi (former chairman of Revolutionary Committee Bashkir of 1919-1920, he took refuge in Turkey where he became Turkologist) he had already met Moscow and Baku Congress disappointed also of Bolshevism: the latter advised him to go to Afghanistan .
Enver finally joined the basmaci Turkestan ( November 1921). Prestige (from Ottoman general , husband of a princess of the House of Osman ) from Muslim fighters was very large. Led by Enver and other former Ottoman officers, the resistance of basmaci enjoyed victories at first, as playing on the element of surprise. What epics then occupied the dreams of Enver in this fascinating land Central Asia? Those Timur / Tamerlane and Babur he (the Turkism in whose veins the blood ran Gagauz )? that Alexander the Great (him, the flamboyant officer Macedonia)?
The swords in a final cavalry charge, he was shot in August 1922 by a detachment of Red Army .
Thus, somewhere in the steppe of Tajikistan current , died at age 41 the hero of the Revolution of 1908 . If the company
ultimate Enver had succeeded, it might be avoided by extension the martyrdom of many Muslims under the Stalinist yoke:
- 1.7 million Kazakhs killed in 30 years;
- deportations of 400,000 Chechens-Ingush , the 160,000 Crimean Tatars, the 100,000 Meskhetians, the 60,000 Karachay, Balkar of 30,000, Kurds Caucasus ( 1943-1944).
The existence of a large unified whole Turkish-Muslim Central Asia would also have prevented the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan , and therefore death 1, 2 million Afghans (including 80 % of civilians ).
Poor Enver who has spent his entire short life fighting as a brave soldier of Islam ( Macedonia, Libya, in Thrace, the Caucasus, Central Asia ), because the noble soul his ancestors Oğuz commanded him to do and not to any selfish calculation, while many other Muslims did not have his courage and planted their shameless coward's knife in the back of the Ottoman army in alliance with his worst enemies. It would fall from the clouds, seeing everything moult idiots dare dump on her now, calling him a "Zionist" to "Agent Illuminato-Masonic" and "crypto-Jew" and many other things, their imbecility "happy" feeding on itself by its unfathomable void. Never mind, he saved his honor and died with dignity: it is essential.
For our part, we do not feel entitled to blame the choice of Enver (alliance with Germany and rapprochement with the Bolsheviks ) because our firm belief is that he boldly maneuvered without ceasing be a good Turk, who never left his eyes the place in the sun he dreamed for his people, always wanted the best for him. He exposed himself, he played a lot and he lost a lot. Too bad for him, but also damage to the Turks. It is with humility, understanding and sincere respect that we bow before the greatness of this man, whose handsome voluntarism as contrasted with the reign of the deleterious hypocritical Abdulhamid II .
burst Kemalist
It may seem surprising endurance Muslims in Anatolia 1919: they had known from 1911 to 1918 , 6 years of wars and all cruel lost (if not the Second Balkan War). Yet they found strength and determination to fight even when War of Independence from 1919 to 1923 : the survival instinct guided them, they resisted fiercely in a final war, a war for the National Liberation .
Countless Kemalist were former Young Turks. This was obviously not the rabble of "old turbans" Liberals and was going to fight for the liberation of Anatolia them légumifiés by fatalism, preferring prostitution to the occupier abroad, good patriots could not find at home. In
June 1919, Mustafa Kemal Paşa launched a call for the convening of a national convention for the salvation of Turkey. In response, he was removed from office by the military Sultan. In September , Kemal backed two national conferences (in Erzurum, Sivas and then), became the leader of a national government opposite to the traitors Istanbul. It was the beginning of Revolutionary War . In April 1920 , Assembly national meeting in Ankara legitimized the power of Kemal.
Mehmet VI condemned the nationalism of Kemal as "impious" interesting use of "arguments" fundamentalists to make the game of the occupier ... The Kemalist
had to face armed English and French to the "Army of the Caliph 'Mehmet VI, the Greek army and Dashnak . Almost the whole world fell over them. Many enemies, much honor, you say ...
The Treaty of Sèvres (August 1920) inflicted by the Agreement and accepted with the traitor Mehmet VI provided: an Armenian state in provinces of Van, Erzurum and Trabzon a "autonomy" Kurdish a Greek annexation of eastern Thrace and the region of Izmir , areas of Italian influence (near Konya), French (Cilicia) and UK (Southeast), the demilitarization of the periphery of the Marmara Sea, only a portion of central Anatolia (region Ankara) was left to the Turks. Kemal rejected this treaty with the utmost vigor.
Can you blame him for having once arranged with the Russian Bolsheviks a friendship treaty (March 1921) that allowed his troops to rearm? It would be unbecoming of a presumption. The German military Weimar did the same ( Treaty of Rapallo of 1922 ), not later than the relations of Nasserist and Baathist Arab with USSR during the Cold War (for the same reasons logistical and diplomatic). In addition, Armenians would be very poorly placed to condemn this treaty, given the collaboration with Dashnaks Baku Soviet against the Azeri population . From the beginning, Kemal emphasized the ideological separation between his nationalism and communism . Kemalist Turkey and was a valuable place of refuge for anti-Turkic ( Velidi Zeki Togan, Mehmet Emin Resulzade ).
In Republic headed by the Armenian Dashnak (1918-1920), extending from Caucasus to Anatolia the Armenians continued their treatment of Muslims (" Armenise " on behalf of the "Great Armenia "), with massacres, like the Oba village in the province of Igdir ( 1918). In September 1920 , Kemalist military forces swept the Armenian Republic in Anatolia . In December by the Treaty of Alexandropol , Armenians ( invaded by the Red Army in November ) Kars-Ardahan went to Kemal. The French
had seen fit to use a " Armenian Legion" in Cilicia, they were themselves surprised and embarrassed at the level of savagery of the Armenian volunteers towards the Muslim population. From May 1920, the Kemalist held in check the French in Cilicia.
In May 1919 , the Greek army, worked by the Megali Idea , invade Izmir with the endorsement of English . The Greeks received the support of Armenians of the city (which had not been transferred, remember) to commit atrocities against Muslims. In September 1922, the Kemalist army resumed Izmir. The Kurds
joined the Patriots Turkish, and they were right: their brothers northern Iraq held by the English were victims of repression Assyrian auxiliaries of the Assyrian Levies and of bombings (including mustard gas ) of the Royal Air Force (that's what was hiding the "autonomy" of the Kurdish Treaty of Sevres), especially on the orders of the "gentleman" pig Winston Churchill .
It is only through the incredible perseverance of Kemal at the temerity of his troops and fears about a Bolshevization Anatolia the Treaty of Sevres was canceled and the Treaty of Lausanne ( July 1923) reinstating the Turks in their right was wrested from the Allies .
Mehmet VI, shame, fled in November 1922 . That's what he had better things to do. In
October 1923, the Kemalist made their entrance to Istanbul . The Republic of Turkey was born.
Young-Turkism and Kemalism
The reforms of the Young Turks were primer Kemalist reforms: secularization, state interventionism, economic Turkification.
However, the Kemalism stands of young-Turkism on several points, moreover important:
- it is a nation-state compressing, due to adaptation to new circumstances (loss of Ottoman possessions, close proximity with the formidable USSR ) on Anatolian space and adopting a neutralism pragmatic: he does not want to lose what he dearly purchased by the Treaty of Lausanne , he also condemns the adventurous foreign policy of the Young Turks focusing on pan-Islamism and Turkism (ideologues joined in Kemalism as Ziya Gökalp, Yusuf Alp Tekin Akçura and / Armed Tekinalp had quit Turkism)
- he is less inclined to intellectual speculation, he focused on more mundane but necessary objectives of development internal , with less emphasis revolutionary
- it looks more purified forms the Islam and the State run, opposing both the ulema and fraternities as a whole (he sees as religious forms backward slowed the march of progress towards the Turks) and drawing a line under the old Ottoman institutions , while the Young Turks were close Mevlevi and Bektash , and have never had the intention to abolish the sultanate and caliphate;
- the militaristic character of power is also displayed less than the Young Turks of the period 1913-1918 : Kemalist political leaders scrupulously wear civilian clothes.
Next Page: Conclusion
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